The process of making bronze sculptures?
Natural special mastic preparation screening, water spraying mud for more than 48 hours (winter low temperature for more than 3 days), circular sculpture welding sculpture reinforcement skeleton, wrapped on the skeleton of the cruciform wood slat mud support device, density according to the actual situation to ensure that the large mud after the local mud as the principle, the sculpture skeleton on the large gap laying metal mesh, can reduce the amount of mud to reduce the total weight to ensure that the sculpture does not collapse, Idea safety while avoiding collapse scrap rework. If the relief requires the woodworking board to lay the bottom plate on the board every 15 cm nail, nail into half of the other half to expose the convenient hanging mud, and wind a thin iron wire on the nail is also convenient to hang mud. Other details and procedures are omitted. The second step is to cover the sculpture with large mud. When the mud is finished, you can hit it with a mallet while leveling the air raid between the mud. After all the mud, the large shape is constantly adjusted. The shape is not allowed to rework the skeleton until it is satisfied, which must be done by a professional sculptor. From this stage on, the sculpture must be often sprayed with water to keep it from cracking, and it must be covered with plastic film to moisturize it until the sculpture is completed. Other details and procedures are omitted. The third part of the molding, professional sculptors to complete the molding process, sculptors at any time in the water to shape at any time, the specific details of other processes are simple. The fourth step is to complete the large-scale sculpture, and notify Party A to review the large-scale sculpture and put forward comments or modifications. Continue to refine the adjustment and detail shaping to achieve perfection, after all the modeling is completed, the whole clay sculpture is pushed, and the scraper is pushed. Other details and procedures are omitted. The fifth step enters the turning stage, using slices on the clay sculpture for block mold segmentation design, and then spraying soapy water as isolation protection. Professional turning technician matching gypsum slurry on the sculpture covering, the specific gypsum slurry outer layer of different water ratios by professionals to grasp and complete. After the plaster is hardened and dried, the release begins. Before the release, the gripper is fixed on the block. The gripper is made of gypsum numbing post. Other details and procedures are omitted. The sixth step is to remove the residual mud on the block mold after demoulding, after which the plaster mold is carefully repaired and repaired. Then it's polished with a metallic copper mesh. Other details and procedures are omitted. The seventh part of the glass steel, the preparation of resin to add catalyst curing agent and filler and color development agent, etc., and pay special attention to the safety of chemical solvents to prevent fire. The first layer of resin sizing, two layers with glass cloth resin sizing, generally requires three to five layers of sizing process. The formation thickness is selected according to the sculpture, the super-large sculpture needs 4 layers or more, and the thickness is selected from 0.5 to 2 cm according to the size of the sculpture. Specific other details and processes and processes are not described here. The procedure in this paper is only a rough procedure. The eighth step is the combination of FRP split modules, the specific combination methods and procedures are simple. After the joint, the gap should be filled and strengthened, and the permanent reinforcement support system skeleton should be established inside. Finally, grinding, with different sandpaper models for coarse grinding fine grinding water grinding, most must be completed by hand machine grinding can not be rounded natural and difficult to completely without marks, so it must be hand-sanding paper. Other details and procedures are omitted. The ninth step of color, on the base color, on the painting, on the outer protective coating and other specific simple, if you need to cast copper cast bronze sculpture only on the base color and the outer smooth paint layer. Other details and procedures are omitted.
What is bronze sculpture?
Bronzes are cast!
One of Chinese traditional plastic arts. Bronze ware (referred to as "copper ware") mainly refers to the Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States period copper tin or copper tin lead alloy casting ware. Including tools, weapons, cooking utensils, food utensils, wine utensils, water utensils, Musical Instruments, horse and chariot ornaments, bronze mirrors, hooks, measuring instruments and so on.
Bronze art refers to the artistic characteristics formed by the casting process, various shapes and decorative patterns of copper ware. Therefore, the bronzes not only have practical value such as life, but also have artistic value of display appreciation, and form the style of various periods in the development process.
In the early Shang Dynasty, the shape was light and the decoration was simple; In the late Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the shape is thick and gorgeous, decorated with animal face pattern, Kui dragon pattern, various animal pattern and geometric pattern. From the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, the style tended to be simple, and the decoration was mostly the broad lines of the pilfered grain and the heavy ring grain, while the long inscriptions increased. From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States period, they are light in shape and decorated with lively animal patterns and complex and fine dragon pattern and cloud pattern, etc. There are also many fine line engravings of hunting, attack and battle, banyule and other pictures reflecting real social activities, or various patterns or portraits inlaid with gold and silver, red copper and jade.
From the perspective of bronze modeling, decorative patterns and casting technology, it integrated painting, sculpture, pattern and arts and crafts, and initially laid the foundation of China's ancient plastic arts.
How can bronze be sculpted when it's so hard?
There are two basic methods for the casting of ancient Chinese bronzes, namely block method and lost wax method
One. Block norm
Block method (or soil method) was first adopted in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and was the most widely used method of bronze casting.
This method is briefly introduced as follows: Taking the casting container as an example, the model of the object to be cast is made first. The model in the casting process is also called the mold or the parent; Then the soil is applied to the outside of the model, and the part of the mold used to form the outer profile of the casting is called the outer mold in the casting process, and the outer mold is divided into several pieces so as to be removed from the mold; In addition, it is necessary to use soil to make a volume equivalent to the cavity of the container, usually called the core, or called the core, the inner mold; Then make the inside and outside of the mold, the gap in the middle is the cavity, the interval is the thickness of the object to be cast; Finally, the dissolved copper liquid is injected into this gap, and after the copper liquid is cooled,
Remove the inside and outside of the mold.
1. Specific process of block mold casting and muddy casting method
(1). Mold making
The mold is also known as the "mother fan", the raw materials can be selected from pottery or wood, bamboo, bone, stone and various materials, and the bronze ware has been cast can also be used as a model. The specific selection of the material depends on the geometry of the casting, and the convenience of pattern engraving and molding should be considered. Generally speaking: the shape of thin and flat knife, cutting, can be made of bamboo, wood cutting; Smaller forms of birds and animals can be carved with bone or stone; For the thick shape of the relatively large tripod, Yi POTS, you can choose clay, in order to remove plastic.
From excavations, Tao fan is the most common. The clay content of the clay in Tao Fan can be more, mixed with burnt earth powder, carbon powder, grass material or other organic matter, and master the water content when deploying the clay material, so that it has a low shrinkage rate and suitable permeability, so as to avoid cracking phenomenon due to drying and roasting after molding. The surface of the clay model must also be fine and solid in order to carve patterns on it.
After the clay mold is molded, it should be gradually dried at room temperature, and the decoration should be carved when it dries to an appropriate hardness. For the layout of rigorous, standardized and neat patterns, generally first in the plain tire with a color pen draft and then carved, the pattern above the table is stacked with mud on the surface to shape, and then carved on it.
After the clay mold is made, it must be put into the kiln and only baked into the pottery mold can be used to turn the mold.
(2) Rule
It is also necessary to select and prepare appropriate mud materials. Its main components are soil and sand. Generally speaking, the clay content of the fan is more, the core contains more sand, and the particles are thicker. And in the two are also mixed with planting substances, such as grass sawdust, to reduce shrinkage, conducive to air permeability.
The soil preparation of the fan must be very careful, after drying, crushing, screening, mixing, and adding appropriate moisture, the sum of soft and hard moderate soil, and then after repeated beating, rubbing, and after a long time of infiltration, so that it is qualitative. The mud done in this way is handy when turning the fan.
The technique of turning mold from mold to mold is very strong, which is the central link of block mold casting technology. For the more simple solid objects like knives, arrows, arrowheads, etc., only two external models can be turned by the model, which is called the two-in-one model.
The pattern of making hollow containers is much more complicated, as follows:
1. Before turning over the fan, we must first decide how many pieces the fan should be divided into and where the boundary should be.
2. The method of turning the outer fan is to pile the fan mud onto the mold, and then press it firmly.
3. There are three ways to make the heart: first, after turning the outside pattern from the model, the model is used to make the core, that is, the surface of the model is scraped, and the thickness of the scraped is the thickness of the cast copper. Second, the model is made hollow, the core is removed from its abdominal cavity, and the dragged core and the bottom mold are connected together, and then the ear is cast on the bottom mold. This bell method is suitable for large vessels. Third, the use of external core.
(3) Pouring
The roasted and combined mold can be poured while hot, otherwise it needs to be preheated before pouring. When preheating, the fan core should be assembled in a complete set, bind tightly, paste with mud sand or grass mud, and then enter the kiln and barbecue. The preheating temperature is better at 400-500 degrees. The baked model needs to be buried in the sand (wet sand) pit to prevent the damage caused by the fan collapse, and in addition to the wooden strip tight, but also to prevent the copper liquid pressure will expand the fan.
When the fan is ready, the molten copper liquid (1100-1200 is appropriate) is injected into the gate. The reason why the utensils are poured upside down is to concentrate the impurities in the pores and the same liquid at the bottom of the utensils, so that the middle and upper parts of the utensils are dense and the pattern is clear. When pouring copper liquid, the speed should be mastered, and it is appropriate to fast and flat until the gate is filled with copper liquid in the stomata. After the copper liquid solidifies and cools, the mold and core can be removed and the casting can be removed.
The method of casting into a complete shape at one time is called "smooth casting", or "single smooth casting", or "whole casting". The wares of Shang and Zhou Dynasties were mostly cast in this way. Where this method is cast, the lines left on the surface are continuous, that is, each normal line is connected to each other, which is the normal line characteristic of muddy casting.
(4). Dressing
After the casting to the pottery, it should be trimmed, and after hammering, sawing, chiseling, grinding, eliminating excess copper, burr, flash, only in this way can the manufacturing be completed.
In addition to the muddy casting method, there is also a split casting method, that is, the song parts of the instrument are not cast at one time, but are cast separately, and are connected as a whole by joining methods. The connection is mainly cast method and welding method. I won't introduce it here.
Two. Lost wax method
Lost wax method refers to the use of easily melted materials, such as yellow wax (beeswax), animal oil (butter) and other wax mold to be cast, and then on the surface of the wax mold with fine mud pouring, forming a layer of mud shell on the surface of the wax mold, and then coated with refractory materials on the surface of the mud shell, so that it is hardened into a mold, and finally baking this mold, so that the wax oil melts out, thus forming a cavity. Then cast copper liquid into the cavity, solidifying and cooling to obtain no marks, smooth and precise casting.
